| Art Deco |
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A
style of design associated with the 1925 Exposition des Arts Decoratifs
in Paris. Its main features were a bold geometry and motifs derived
from non-western architectural traditions such as the Egyptian, Assyrian
and Pre-Columbian. |
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| Art
Nouveau |
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A style of
design associated with the years around the turn of 19th and 20th Centuries.
Its principal features were the use of organic motifs and the innovative
use of new materials. |
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| Ashlar |
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Smooth dressed horizontally
coursed stone masonry. |
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| Baroque |
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A European style of architecture
which originated in 17th Century Italy. Free use of classical ornament
and contrasting concave and convex forms characterise the style, which
was revived in Britain in the Edwardian period. |
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| City of Manchester
Plan |
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Produced under the direction
of R. Nicholls in 1945, the Plan was a comprehensive attempt to integrate
the reconstruction of war-damaged areas and longer-term planning needs
such as the development of motorised transport. |
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| Deconstructivism |
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A style of architecture
from the 1980s based on the application of post structuralist French
Literary theory to architecture. Its principal
theorist is the American architect Peter Eisenman. |
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| Doric |
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A Greek order of architecture
dating from 600 BC where motifs are a translation into stone of earlier
timber construction. The Parthenon in Athens is an example of a Doric
Temple. |
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| Edwardian |
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Referring to the reign
of King Edward VII (1901 - 1910), the term can generally be stretched
to cover the 1890's up until the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914. |
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| Factory Records |
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An independent record
label founded by Granada TV presenter Tony Wilson in the aftermath
of punk. The success of bands such as Joy Division and New Order led
to the founding of the nightclub The Hacienda. |
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| Georgian |
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A style of architecture
associated with the reigns of King George I (1714 - 27) George II (1727
- 1760) George III (1760 - 1820) George IV (1820 - 1830). Its predominant
features are the use of restrained classical ornament and proportions. |
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| Gothic |
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A style of architecture
derived from the ecclesiastical architecture of Medieval Europe. Featuring
organic ornament, it can be identified by its use of the pointed arch.
The style was revived in the 19th Century, in particular as the result
of the writings of Augustus W.N. Pugin in the 1840s. |
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| Hi Tech |
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A style of architecture
associated with the 1970s. Its dramatic celebration of building technology,
in particular the expression of servicing elements was derived from
the work of the Archigram Group in the 1960s. In Britain its principal
exponents are Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Nicholas Grimshaw. |
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| International Style |
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A term coined by Philip
Johnson and Henry Russell-Hitchcock for an exhibition at the MOMA in
New York. It defined modern architecture's characteristics as absence
of ornament, purity of form and the use of the flat roof. |
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| Ionic |
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A Greek order of architecture
particularly associated with Greek territories in Asia Minor. The column,
sometimes fluted, can be identified by its capital with pairs of scrolled
volutes. |
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| Mansard |
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A type of roof in which
a steep pitch is used in the lower portion to provide an area of dormer
windows. Derived from the name of the French architect Francois Mansart. |
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| Misericord |
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A type of ledge used in
Medieval choir stalls to provide relief for the priests during lengthy
services. They often feature examples of subversive carving. |
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| Modern |
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Referring to the 20th
Century movement which rejected figurative and historical references
in architecture. Characterised by simplicity of line, innovative use
of materials, industrialised techniques, and new structural forms. |
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| Neo-Classical |
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A reaction to Baroque
or Rococo decorative excesses, archaeologically correct Classical forms
are employed within a rational architectural system using pure geometry
and resulting in solid and restrained buildings with little or no decoration. |
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| New Cathedral Street |
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The principal urban design
feature of the redevelopment of Manchester City Centre following the
IRA bomb of 15 June 1996. It will connect St Ann's Church and the Royal
Exchange with the Cathedral and the Corn Exchange. |
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| Northern Quarter |
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An area of decayed industrial
and commercial buildings designated for regeneration by Manchester
City Council in 1994, to encourage commercial and residential development. |
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| Palazzo |
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The Italian word to designate
an urban residential building generally arranged around a courtyard.
The facade and overhanging cornice were elements copied in the Manchester
'palazzo' warehouse. |
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| Peterloo Massacre |
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On 16th August 1819 on
St. Peter's Field the radical Henry Hunt addressed a crowd of over
30000 on electoral reform. The Manchester Yeomanry attempted to arrest
Hunt on the hustings, leaving at least 11 members of the crowd dead
and 600 injured. The Free Trade Hall stands on the site of this event. |
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| Pevsner, Sir Nikolaus |
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A 20th century architectural
historian, born in Germany. He is particularly associated with the
recording of the Buildings of England by county. |
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| Piano Nobile |
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An Italian term designating
the first floor of a domestic building (generally above workshops or
arcades on the ground floor). Characterised by larger windows and richer
ornament. |
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| Piranesian |
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Pertaining to the work
of Giovanni Battista Piranesi, an 18th Century Italian engraver, archaeologist
and architect. Etchings of vast and ruinous spaces are his most characteristic
output. |
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| Post-Industrial |
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Relating to the aesthetic
use of industrial building technology and iconography, and the reuse
of former industrial buildings. |
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| Post Modern |
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Relating to architecture
which abandoned the doctrines of the Modern movement. Often associated
with the revival of enfeebled classical forms in 1980s, its first clear
theoretical text was Robert Venturi's Complexity and Contradiction
in Architecture of 1966. |
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| Rationalism |
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A form of Modern Movement
architecture associated with Italian exponents, most notably the Gruppo
Sette including Giuseppe Terragni whose major work is the Casa del
Fascio in Como of 1936. |
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| Renaissance |
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Relating to the 'rebirth'
of the architecture and the culture of classical antiquity in Italy
during the 15th and 16th Centuries |
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| Ruskin, John |
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The eminent 19th Century
art critic notable for his championing of the works of J.M.W Turner
and the Pre-Raphaelites. His most influential architectural works were
The Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice. |
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| Serlian |
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Pertaining to Sebastano
Serlio and his Five Books of Architecture. Most usually relating to
a 'Serlian' window (also 'Palladian' window) where a central arched
window is flanked by two lower rectangular openings. This motif was,
in turn, derived from the form of a Roman triumphal arch. |
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| Spandrel |
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A panel spanning between
two vertical elements, or across an arched opening in a wall |
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| Victorian |
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Relating to the 19th Century,
but specifically to the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 - 1901). |
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| Vitrolite |
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An opaque coloured glass
sheet material introduced in the 1930s. |
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| Voussoirs |
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A fan shaped stone or
brick, part of a number spanning an opening and typically forming an
arch or flat opening. |
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| Ziggurat |
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A name denoting a stepped
pyramid as seen in the temple structures of Ancient Near Eastern and
Pre-Columbian American civilisations. |
